Description: Map of Ohio showing the location and distribution of 348 Ohio potteries of the 19th century, prepared by the Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society and drawn by C.E. Hamm. Towns are marked with circles corresponding in size to the number of potteries they have, and potteries whose products are represented in the museum collections of the Ohio State Archaelogical and Historical Society (now the Ohio History Connection) are indicated by name. The largest concentrations of potteries can be seen in the areas of Akron, East Liverpool, Zanesville/Roseville and Cincinnati, all of which had thriving pottery manufacturing industries thanks to Ohio's high rank in the supply and production of clay. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: MAPVFM_0265-F
Subjects: Pottery industry; Potteries; Manufacturing industries--Ohio; Natural resources--Ohio;
Places: Ohio
 

Description: Reverse reads: "Ivorydale Plant" Aerial view of the Procter & Gamble Company Plant, located on Spring Grove Avenue between Mill Creek and Township Avenue, in the Cincinnati suburb of St. Bernard, which originally covered 11 acres in a section called Ivorydale. It was, and still is, one of the largest soap manufacturing plants in the world. The original plant dates from about 1885, when P&G expanded operations from their downtown location. The giant complex would eventually cover 243 acres with 120 buildings, including the 43-acre food plant built in 1911. During the 1930s, the complex was described as being a maze of utilitarian gray stone buildings, interspersed with outdoor retorts and tanks, smokestacks and railroad tracks. The campus includes its own fire station, dining rooms and recreational facilities. William Procter, a candlemaker, and James Gamble, a soapmaker, formed the company known as Procter & Gamble in 1837. The two men, immigrants from England and Ireland respectively, had settled earlier in Cincinnati and had married sisters. The two men decided to pool their resources to form their own company, formalizing the relationship on October 31, 1837. The company prospered during the nineteenth century. In 1859, sales reached one million dollars. By this point, approximately eighty employees worked for Procter & Gamble. During the Civil War, the company won contracts to supply the Union army with soap and candles. In addition to the increased profits experienced during the war, the military contracts introduced soldiers from all over the country to Procter & Gamble products. Once the war was over and the men returned home, they continued to purchase the company's products. In the 1880s, Procter & Gamble began to market a new product, an inexpensive, yet high quality, soap. The company called the soap "Ivory." In the decades that followed, Procter & Gamble continued to grow and evolve. The company became known for its progressive work environment in the late nineteenth century. William Cooper Procter, William Procter's grandson, established a profit-sharing program for the company's workforce in 1887. He hoped that by giving the workers a stake in the company, they would be less inclined to go on strike. Over time, the company began to focus most of its attention on soap, producing more than thirty different types by the 1890s. As electricity became more and more common, there was less need for the candles that Procter & Gamble had made since its inception. Ultimately, the company chose to stop manufacturing candles in 1920. In the early twentieth century, Procter & Gamble continued to grow. The company began to build factories in other locations in the United States, because the demand for products had outgrown the capacity of the Cincinnati facilities. The company's leaders began to diversify its products as well and, in 1911, began producing Crisco, a shortening made of vegetable oils rather than animal fats. In the early 1900s, Procter & Gamble also became known for its research laboratories, where scientists worked to create new products. Company leadership also pioneered in the area of market research, investigating consumer needs and product appeal. As radio became more popular in the 1920s and 1930s, the company sponsored a number of radio programs. As a result, these shows often became commonly known as "soap operas." Throughout the twentieth century, Procter & Gamble continued to prosper. The company moved into other countries, both in terms of manufacturing and product sales, becoming an international corporation. In addition, numerous new products and brand names were introduced over time, and Procter & Gamble began branching out into new areas. The company introduced "Tide" laundry detergent in 1946 and "Prell" shampoo in 1950. In 1955, Procter & Gamble began selling the first toothpaste to contain fluoride, known as "Crest." Branching out once again in 1957, the company purchased Charmin Paper Mills and began manufacturing toilet paper and other paper products. Once again focusing on laundry, Procter & Gamble began making "Downy" fabric softener in 1960 and "Bounce" fabric softener sheets. One of the most revolutionary products to come out on the market was the company's "Pampers," first test-marketed in 1961. Prior to this point, there were no disposable diapers. Babies always wore cloth diapers, which were leaky and labor intensive to wash. Pampers simplified the diapering process. Over the second half of the twentieth century, Procter & Gamble acquired a number of other companies that diversified its product line and increased profits significantly. These acquisitions included Folgers Coffee, Norwich Eaton Pharmaceuticals, Richardson-Vicks, Noxell, Shulton's Old Spice, Max Factor, and the Iams Company, among others. In 1996, Procter & Gamble made headlines when the Food and Drug Administration approved a new product developed by the company, Olestra. Olestra, also known by its brand name Olean, is a substitute for fat in cooking potato chips and other snacks. Procter & Gamble has expanded dramatically throughout its history, but its headquarters still remain in Cincinnati. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: SA1039AV_B07F08_005_1
Subjects: Manufacturing industries--Ohio; Cincinnati (Ohio)--Buildings, structures, etc.; Manufacturing industries--Ohio; Assembly lines; Soap factories; Procter & Gamble Company; Cincinnati (Ohio)--Aerial views
Places: Cincinnati (Ohio); Hamilton County (Ohio)
 

Description: This is an aerial view of Procter and Gamble's Ivorydale plant in Cincinnati, Ohio. The Procter and Gamble Company Plant, located on Spring Grove Avenue between Mill Creek and Township Avenue, in the Cincinnati suburb of St. Bernard, originally covered 11 acres in a section called Ivorydale. It was and still is, one of the largest soap manufacturing plants in the world. The original plant dates from about 1885, when P&G expanded operations from their downtown location. The giant complex would eventually cover 243 acres with 120 buildings, including the 43 acre food plant built in 1911. During the 1930s, the buildings was described as being a maze of utilitarian gray stone buildings, interspersed with hugged outdoor retorts and tanks, smokestacks and railroad tracks. The campus includes its own fire station, dining rooms and recreational facilities. William Procter, a candlemaker, and James Gamble, a soapmaker, formed the company known as Procter & Gamble in 1837. The two men, immigrants from England and Ireland respectively, had settled earlier in Cincinnati and had married sisters. The two men decided to pool their resources to form their own company, formalizing the relationship on October 31, 1837. The company prospered during the nineteenth century. In 1859, sales reached one million dollars. By this point, approximately eighty employees worked for Procter & Gamble. During the Civil War, the company won contracts to supply the Union army with soap and candles. In addition to the increased profits experienced during the war, the military contracts introduced soldiers from all over the country to Procter & Gambles products. Once the war was over and the men returned home, they continued to purchase the company's products. In the 1880s, Procter & Gamble began to market a new product, an inexpensive, yet high quality, soap. The company called the soap "Ivory." In the decades that followed, Procter & Gamble continued to grow and evolve. The company became known for its progressive work environment in the late nineteenth century. William Cooper Procter, William Procter's grandson, established a profit-sharing program for the company's workforce in 1887. He hoped that by giving the workers a stake in the company, they would be less inclined to go on strike. Over time, the company began to focus most of its attention on soap, producing more than thirty different types by the 1890s. As electricity became more and more common, there was less need for the candles that Procter & Gamble had made since its inception. Ultimately, the company chose to stop manufacturing candles in 1920. In the early twentieth century, Procter & Gamble continued to grow. The company began to build factories in other locations in the United States, because the demand for products had outgrown the capacity of the Cincinnati facilities. The company's leaders began to diversify its products as well and, in 1911, began producing Crisco, a shortening made of vegetable oils rather than animal fats. In the early 1900s, Procter & Gamble also became known for its research laboratories, where scientists worked to create new products. Company leadership also pioneered in the area of market research, investigating consumer needs and product appeal. As radio became more popular in the 1920s and 1930s, the company sponsored a number of radio programs. As a result, these shows often became commonly known as "soap operas." Throughout the twentieth century, Procter & Gamble continued to prosper. The company moved into other countries, both in terms of manufacturing and product sales, becoming an international corporation. In addition, numerous new products and brand names were introduced over time, and Procter & Gamble began branching out into new areas. The company introduced "Tide" laundry detergent in 1946 and "Prell" shampoo in 1950. In 1955, Procter & Gamble began selling the first toothpaste to contain fluoride, known as "Crest". Branching out once again in 1957, the company purchased Charmin Paper Mills and began manufacturing toilet paper and other paper products. Once again focusing on laundry, Procter & Gamble began making "Downy" fabric softener in 1960 and "Bounce" fabric softener sheets. One of the most revolutionary products to come out on the market was the company's "Pampers", first test-marketed in 1961. Prior to this point, there were no disposable diapers. Babies always wore cloth diapers, which were leaky and labor intensive to wash. Pampers simplified the diapering process. Over the second half of the twentieth century, Procter & Gamble acquired a number of other companies that diversified its product line and increased profits significantly. These acquisitions included Folgers Coffee, Norwich Eaton Pharmaceuticals, Richardson-Vicks, Noxell, Shultons Old Spice, Max Factor, and the Iams Company, among others. In 1996, Procter & Gamble made headlines when the Food and Drug Administration approved a new product developed by the company, Olestra. Olestra, also known by its brand name Olean, is a substitute for fat in cooking potato chips and other snacks. Procter & Gamble has expanded dramatically throughout its history, but its headquarters still remain in Cincinnati. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: SA1039AV_B07F08_009_1
Subjects: Manufacturing industries--Ohio; Cincinnati (Ohio)--Buildings, structures, etc.; Manufacturing industries--Ohio; Assembly lines; Soap factories; Procter & Gamble Company; Cincinnati (Ohio)--Aerial views
Places: Cincinnati (Ohio); Hamilton County (Ohio)
 

Description: This group photograph shows the female employees of the Jeffrey Manufacturing Company in Columbus, Ohio, 1915. Established in 1877 by Joseph Andrew Jeffrey to produce the first power-driven coal cutter used in America, the Jeffrey Manufacturing Company was for many years one of the largest and oldest industrial companies in Columbus. Over the years, the company diversified: while coal industry machinery remained its focus, it also supplied equipment for a wide range of industries. The Jeffrey Manufacturing Company established their main office and plant north of downtown Columbus on South 3rd Street. With success came expansion, and eventually, the factory and warehouses would encompass over 50 acres. At its height, the Jeffrey Manufacturing Company employed 4,500 workers and contributed millions of dollars to the Columbus economy. After almost 100 years of ownership by the Jeffrey family, Dresser Industries acquired the Jeffrey Manufacturing Company on May 31st, 1974. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: MSS1527AV_B11F03_01
Subjects: Jeffrey Manufacturing Company (Columbus, Ohio); Machinery industry--Ohio; Manufacturing industries--Ohio; Women -- Employment;
Places: Columbus (Ohio); Franklin County (Ohio)
 

Description: This is a photo of Proctor and Gamble's Manufacturing, Administration, and Research building in Cincinnati, Ohio. This building housed the bakery research department's laboratories. This building is a part of the Ivorydale complex that consists of 120 buildings on 243 acres. The facility is located 5 miles north of Cincinnati. Also seen in the picture is the William Cooper Proctor Memorial. William Procter (1801-1884) and James Gamble (1803-1891) started the Procter & Gamble Company in 1837. Procter was a native of England who worked as a candle maker. Gamble, a soap maker, originally came from Ireland. The two men were brothers-in-law, having married sisters Olivia and Elizabeth Norris. Their father-in-law, Alexander Norris, persuaded them to go into business together selling soap and candles. During the Civil War, Procter & Gamble was awarded several contracts to supply the Union Army with soap and candles. The candle business was discontinued in the 1920s. In 1879, P & G began making their signature product, Ivory soap. By 1890 Procter & Gamble was a multi-million dollar corporation. The memorial seen in the foreground, dedicated on June 7, 1939, commemorates Procter's contributions to the Procter & Gamble Company, the most significant of which was the creation of the profit-sharing program in 1887. The voluntary program gave employees a stake in the company. Procter (1862-1934) was the grandson of the company's founder. This sculpture was created by Ernest Bruce Hasell. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: SA1039AV_B07F08_002_1
Subjects: Cincinnati (Ohio)--Buildings, structures, etc.--Pictorial works; Memorials--Ohio; Proctor and Gamble Company; Manufacturing industries
Places: Cincinnati (Ohio); Hamilton County (Ohio)
 

Description: Map graphic of Ohio showing manufacturing in the state, depicted by drawings of different products produced throughout the areas of Ohio. It was created by the Ohio Writers' Program of the Work Progress Administration in 1936. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: SA1039AV_B15F02_047
Subjects: Books; Chapter headings; Works Progress Administration; Ohio Federal Writers' Project; Manufacturing industries--Ohio;
Places: Ohio
 

Description: Reverse reads: "U.S. Playing Card Co. Norwood, Ohio. Cincinnati, Ohio." The United States Playing Card Company, located on Beech Avenue at the end of Park Avenue, is a buff brick building with a Neo-Romanesque square clock tower. Russell, Morgan & Co. was started in 1867 in Cincinnati, Ohio, as a printing company making mostly posters, placards and labels. The company began printing playing cards in 1881, with 20 employees making about 1600 packs a day. In 1891, Russell, Morgan and Company renamed themselves The United States Printing Company. In 1894, due to growing sucess, the playing card business was separated from the main company and became The United States Playing Card Company. By 1900, The United States Playing Company moved from downtown, to a newly built factory in Norwood, a suburb in north-east Cincinnati. The four story bell tower was added at the main building entrance in 1926, and housed 12 carillon bells, which ranged from 1 1/2 feet to 5 1/2 feet. The chimes were connected electronically local radio station WSAI, and were the first set built for the purpose of radio broadcasting. WSAI was not only owned and operated by USPC from 1922 to 1930, but was located on their main campus, and used to broadcast bridge lessons, which could be heard as far away as New Zealand. WSAI was sold to Crosley Radio Station during the 1930s. Along with playing card accessories such as poker chips, it distributes cards, such as Kem, Bee, Bicycle, Arcane, Aviator, Alladin, Maverick, Tuxedo, Hoyle and tally Ho. The cards are also used by famous magicians and companies like Bicycle make cheats decks only for illusionists. Bee is a high quality brand used in casinos, while Bicycle is an inexpensive brand that has been the top selling brand in the world. During World War II, the company made cards that could be pulled apart when submerged in water. The inside was a map and wen all the cards were put together, it was a large map. These were supplied to POW's who could use the map to reach safety, if they were able to escape. During the Vietnam Was, the company provided U. S. Soldiers with cards. It was commonly believed that the Viet Cong thought the cards would a symbol of death and would flee if they say the ace of spades. This was not true, but the cards served to boast the morale of the soldiers. The company is now located in at 300 Gap Way in Erlanger, KY. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: SA1039AV_B08F01_014_001
Subjects: Cincinnati (Ohio)--Buildings, structures, etc.; Industries--Ohio--Cincinnati; Manufacturing industries--Ohio; United States Playing Card
Places: Norwood (Ohio); Cincinnati (Ohio); Hamilton County (Ohio)
 

Description: In 1952, the Jeffrey Manufacturing Company of Columbus, Ohio, celebrated its 75th Anniversary with an open house held at its factory and grounds at North Fourth Street and East First Avenue. According to the Columbus Dispatch, the celebration was held Saturday, June 21, and associates, friends and families were in attendance. In this photograph, visitors view a pictorial history of the Jeffrey Manufacturing Company titled "75 Years of Progress." View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL00939
Subjects: Jeffrey Manufacturing Company (Columbus, Ohio); Ohio Economy--Economy--Business; Manufacturing industries--Ohio; Factories; Anniversaries
Places: Columbus (Ohio); Franklin County (Ohio)
 

Description: In 1952, the Jeffrey Manufacturing Company of Columbus, Ohio, celebrated its 75th Anniversary with an open house held at its factory and grounds at North Fourth Street and East First Avenue. According to the Columbus Dispatch, the celebration was held Saturday, June 21, and associates, friends and families were in attendance. This photograph shows guests wandering through the main factory building where white-coated Jeffrey employees describe the factory operations. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL00961
Subjects: Jeffrey Manufacturing Company (Columbus, Ohio); Ohio Economy--Economy--Business; Manufacturing industries--Ohio; Factories; Anniversaries
Places: Columbus (Ohio); Franklin County (Ohio)
 

Description: Poster advertising the many products of the Egan Co., with locations on Central Avenue, John Street, Front Street and Greenleaf Street in Cincinnati, Ohio, ca. 1890. Shown on the poster are a number of machinery types, including planers, mortisers, saws, lathes, and more. The Egan Co. was a manufacturer of woodworking machinery based out of Cincinnati. Originally founded in 1871 as Cordesman, Egan & Co., the company split into two separate firms in 1884. The Egan Co. operated alone under the leadership of its president Thomas P. Egan for nearly a decade before joining with another Cincinnati-based competitor to form the J.A. Fay & Egan Co. Despite their shared name, the two companies continued to advertise and manufacture independently for the next ten years or so. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: PA_B540_25
Subjects: Machinery industry--Ohio; woodworking tools; Industries--Ohio--Cincinnati; Manufacturing industries--Ohio
Places: Cincinnati (Ohio); Hamilton County (Ohio)
 

Description: Lobby of the Jeffrey Manufacturing Company headquarters on First Avenue, Columbus, Ohio, ca. 1947. The company was founded in 1877 as Lechner Mining Machine Co. It built mining equipment. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL02852
Subjects: Manufacturing industries--Ohio; Coal-mining machinery
Places: Columbus (Ohio); Franklin County (Ohio)
 

Description: Illustration of an 1862 model Leffel "Double Turbine Water Wheel," from an a pamphlet produced by the J. Leffel & Co., 1870. James Leffel & Co. was founded in the early 1860s in Springfield, Ohio. They designed and manufactured hydropower equipment like the turbine seen here, which Leffel patented. View on Ohio Memory.
Image ID: AL08499
Subjects: Machinery industry--Ohio; Mills and mill-work--Ohio; Manufacturing industries--Ohio
Places: Springfield (Ohio); Clark County (Ohio)